The years 1346–53 saw one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people, and 30–60% of Europe's total population. Named historically as the Black Death, the aftermath of the plague created a series of religious, social, and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover. One effect of the plague was the re-emergence of ancient folk belief and Apotropaic magic to deflect evil or sickness, the use of a sacred item such as a crucifix to ward off the plague is an example of this folk magic. During the three hundred year period of bubonic plague (known as the second pandemic), the medieval Latin term ‘memento mori’, (remember that you have to die), also gained in influence, including a reflection on mortality, and a turning away from the vanity of earthly life and the transient nature of all earthly goods and pursuits.