Astrological medicine became popular in the 16th century through the work of the Swiss German Renaissance physician, botanist, alchemist, and astrologer Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 – 24 September 1541). His work ‘Archidoxis magicae’, focused upon medical astrology, associating various parts of the body and diseases under the influence of the sun, moon, and planets, along with the twelve astrological signs. Paracelsus pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine. His hermetical views were that sickness and health in the body relied on the harmony of man (microcosm) and Nature (macrocosm). Through this work Paracelsus founded the science of toxicology. His work was continued in the 17th century by the English botanist, herbalist, physician, and astrologer Nicholas Culpeper (18th October 1616 - 10th January 1654).